Republic of Florence
The Republic of Florence was a medieval Italian city-state that ruled over the city of Florence, Tuscany from 1115 to 1532. Republika vznikla v důsledku vzpoury proti Margraviate of Tuscany, and a commune was formed in the city of Florence. The city was ruled by a council called the signoria, which was appointed by the gonfaloniere (titular leader of the city), a public official elected every two months by guild leaders. The city was known for its coups and counter-coups, and the House of Medici seized power in 1434. Medici vládli až do Lorenzo de Medici's death in 1494, a to bylo znovu dobyto v roce 1512 po pádu mnicha Savonarola a jeho nástupci. V letech 1527 až 1531 byli Medici opět vyhnáni, ale Alessandro de Medici znovu získal moc. V roce 1532, Klement VII povýšil Florencii na vévodství a vytvořil dědičnou monarchii v novém "Florentské vévodství".